英语重点语法(-)
主语的概念:执行句子的行为或动作的主体。
常用作主语的结构:主语一般由名词、代词、名词短语或相当于名词的结构来充当, 一般常用作主语的结构有名词代词、名词短语、to do 不定式、doing 动名词短语及从句等。
【例】Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. (名词/代词)
【例】Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. (名词词组)
【例】To see is to believe. (to do 不定式)
【例】Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun. (动名词短语)
特殊情况:
① 祈使句:祈使句以动词原形开头,但并非没有主语,祈使句默认的主语为 you。
【例】Remember to turn off the light.
② it 作形式主语:it 作句子的形式主语时,真正的主语是后面的 to do 不定式。常见结构为:it + be + adj./n. +(for/of sb) + to do sth。
【例】It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition.
③ 倒装句:句子主语在谓语动词或助动词/情态动词之后。
【例】Only in this way can we improve our spoken English.
④ There be 句型:主语为 be 动词之后第一个名词/代词。
【例】There is no doubt that Syrian people have the wisdom to find a development path suitable for their national condition.
谓语:
谓语的概念:表示主语动作的词语和词组。注意:
谓语一定是动词,但是句子中的动词不一定是谓语。
一句话中只有一个谓语动词。(此处一句话指一个简单句)
常用作谓语的结构:
用于表达句子的时态语态,例如:一般现在时为 do/does,一般过去时为 did,现在完成时为 have / has done 等。
【例】 Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
情态动词 + do / have done 构成句子的谓语动词。
【例】He must drink a lot of milk. 他得多喝牛奶。
谓语动词的分类: 1) 系动词
① be 动词:am/is/are; was/were
【例】The problems of your past are your business.
② 感官动词:情态动词 + do / have done 构成句子的谓语动词。
【例】The iron feels hot. 这块铁摸起来很热。
③ 表示“保持”的动词:continue、keep、stay、remain、sit、stand、lie 等。
【例句】The weather continued fine for several days. 天气连续几天都很晴朗。
④ 表示“变成”的动词:become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 等。表示主语由一种状态变为另一种状态。
【例句】Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short. 我们的糖、米供应不足。2) 及物动词:可以直接接宾语的动词。
【例句】Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness.
不及物动词:不能直接接宾语、需要加介词后才能接宾语的动词为不及物动词。
【例句】The benefit of the world matters before personal benefit.
双宾语动词:其后需要接两个宾语,直接宾语和间接宾语。双宾语中既有人又有物, 一般“人”表示动作的接受者,为间接宾语,“物”表示动作作用的对象,是动作的承受者,为直接宾语。常见的双宾语动词有 give,borrow,lend,send,bring,pass,buy, tell,ask,teach,show 等 。
【例句】Her work in genetics won Barbara McClintock the Nobel Prize in 1983.
常见的宾补动词:
① 使役动词:make,keep,leave,let,have,help,get。
【例】You won't be able to keep it secret forever.
你不可能永远保密下去。
② 感官动词:see,notice,observe,watch,hear,listen to,feel,find,smell
【例】Officers observed him driving at 90 miles per hour.
警察发现他以 90 英里的时速驾车。
③ 其它动词:want,wish,expect,allow,permit,forbid,ask,order,advise,etc.
【例】I didn't expect him to stay so long. 我没有料到他会待那么久。
宾语
宾语的概念:动作的承受者。一般在谓语或介词之后,由非谓语 to do,doing,名词代词或从句充当。
常用作宾语的结构:
跟主语类似,名词代词或名词性成分皆可作宾语,常用结构有名词代词、to do 不定式, doing 动名词词组及从句。
名词代词
【例句】They have had no need to create a figure to protect themselves from the world or to impress it.
to do 不定式
【例句】This company refused to cooperate with us. 3) doing 动名词
【例句】Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof.
宾语的常见位置: 1) 动词后:
【例句】Fears, even the most basic ones, can totally destroy our ambitions. 2) 介词后:
【例句】Abundance is a life style, a way of living your life.
表语
表语的概念:位于系动词之后,用来说明主语的身份、性质、品质、特征和状态。
常见系动词(见谓语部分)
常用作表语的结构:
通常名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和从句皆可在句子中充当表语成分。
1) 名词或名词短语
【例句】A good book is the most patient and cheerful of companions. 2) 形容词副词
【例句】Half the time things are better than normal; the other half, they are worse. 3) to do 不定式
【例句】The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
4)doing 现在分词
【例句】You are taking control of your life. 5) done 过去分词
【例句】Rome wasn't built in a day.
6) 介词短语
【例句】Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author's minds, ages ago.